Following the new ESPEN Standard Operating Procedures, the previous 2019 guideline to provide best medical nutritional therapy to critically ill patients has been shortened and partially revised.
Malnourished patients have reduced immune function. This chapter describes the modulatory role that nutrients exert on immune function, and how immunonutrition may improve immune function.
The ESPEN Guidelines on Clinical nutrition in Surgery from 2017 has been also available as practical guideline with algorithms since 2021 (www.espen.org). An update will be perfomed in the near future.
